Reference

Research reading list

By Daniele D'Esposito, founder of Org360 Updated 18 October 2026 5 min read CC BY 4.0

Org360 builds on published social, organizational and leadership science. These are the studies and sources behind each article in the guide, grouped by article. Where a study disagrees with Org360's view, the article says so.

Part 1. Principles of honest feedback

Article 1: survey length

Galesic, M., & Bosnjak, M. (2009). Effects of questionnaire length on participation and indicators of response quality in a web survey. Public Opinion Quarterly, 73(2), 349–360. doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfp031
Schaufeli, W. B., and colleagues (2019). An ultra-short measure for work engagement: the UWES-3. Summary on wilmarschaufeli.nl
Surely shorter is better? A questionnaire length experiment in a self-completion survey (2025). Survey Research Methods, 19(2). doi.org/10.18148/srm/2025.v19i2.8348
SurveyMonkey. How long should a survey be? surveymonkey.com

Article 2: ownership

Kluger, A. N., & DeNisi, A. (1996). The effects of feedback interventions on performance: A historical review, a meta-analysis, and a preliminary feedback intervention theory. Psychological Bulletin, 119(2), 254–284. Abstract
Greguras, G. J., Robie, C., Schleicher, D. J., & Goff, M. (2003). A field study of the effects of rating purpose on the quality of multisource ratings. Personnel Psychology, 56(1), 1–21. Abstract
Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692–724. doi.org/10.5465/256287

Article 3: confidentiality

Edmondson, A. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350–383. doi.org/10.2307/2666999
Center for Creative Leadership. 360-degree feedback: best practices to ensure impact. ccl.org
Accountability and accuracy in subordinates' ratings of their supervisors' performance. Social Behavior and Personality. sbp-journal.com

Article 4: AI in reports

Smither, J. W., & Walker, A. G. (2004). Are the characteristics of narrative comments related to improvement in multirater feedback ratings over time? Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(3), 575–581. doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.89.3.575
Hogan Assessments (2024). Navigating personality assessments in the era of AI. hoganassessments.com
Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (2023). Considerations and recommendations for the validation and use of AI-based assessments for employee selection. siop.org

Article 5: open source and science

Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. Utrecht Work Engagement Scale: test manual. wilmarschaufeli.nl
Bakker, A. B. Questionnaires and terms of use. arnoldbakker.com
Peter Berry Consultancy. Hogan 360 refresh. peterberry.com.au

Part 2. Running a survey well

Article 6: how many raters

Greguras, G. J., & Robie, C. (1998). A new look at within-source interrater reliability of 360-degree feedback ratings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(6), 960–968. Abstract
DecisionWise (2019). 360-degree feedback best practices. decision-wise.com
Center for Creative Leadership. Skillscope 360 FAQ. resources.ccl.org

Article 7: how often

Walker, A. G., & Smither, J. W. (1999). A five-year study of upward feedback: What managers do with their results matters. Personnel Psychology, 52(2), 393–423.
Smither, J. W., London, M., & Reilly, R. R. (2005). Does performance improve following multisource feedback? A theoretical model, meta-analysis, and review of empirical findings. Personnel Psychology, 58(1), 33–66. PDF

Article 8: running a survey

Smither, J. W., London, M., Flautt, R., Vargas, Y., & Kucine, I. (2003). Can working with an executive coach improve multisource feedback ratings over time? A quasi-experimental field study. Personnel Psychology, 56(1), 23–44. Abstract
Smither, J. W., London, M., Reilly, R. R., Flautt, R., Vargas, Y., & Kucine, I. (2004). Discussing multisource feedback with raters and performance improvement. Journal of Management Development, 23(5), 456–468. Abstract

Article 9: reading a report

Fleenor, J. W., and colleagues (1996). Self-other rating agreement and leader effectiveness. The Leadership Quarterly, 7(4), 487–506.
Fleenor, J. W., Smither, J. W., Atwater, L. E., Braddy, P. W., & Sturm, R. E. (2010). Self–other rating agreement in leadership: A review. The Leadership Quarterly, 21(6), 1005–1034. doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.10.006
Smither, J. W., & Walker, A. G. (2004). Are the characteristics of narrative comments related to improvement in multirater feedback ratings over time? Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(3), 575–581. doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.89.3.575

Part 3. Feedback survey types

Articles 10 and 11: 360 feedback, pros and cons

DeNisi, A. S., & Kluger, A. N. (2000). Feedback effectiveness: Can 360-degree appraisals be improved? Academy of Management Executive, 14(1), 129–138. Abstract
Smither, J. W., London, M., & Reilly, R. R. (2005). Does performance improve following multisource feedback? A theoretical model, meta-analysis, and review of empirical findings. Personnel Psychology, 58(1), 33–66. PDF
Greguras, G. J., Robie, C., Schleicher, D. J., & Goff, M. (2003). A field study of the effects of rating purpose on the quality of multisource ratings. Personnel Psychology, 56(1), 1–21. Abstract
Kluger, A. N., & DeNisi, A. (1996). The effects of feedback interventions on performance. Psychological Bulletin, 119(2), 254–284. Abstract

Article 12: leadership 360

Walker, A. G., & Smither, J. W. (1999). A five-year study of upward feedback: What managers do with their results matters. Personnel Psychology, 52(2), 393–423.
Smither, J. W., London, M., Flautt, R., Vargas, Y., & Kucine, I. (2003). Can working with an executive coach improve multisource feedback ratings over time? Personnel Psychology, 56(1), 23–44. Abstract
Fleenor, J. W., and colleagues (1996). Self-other rating agreement and leader effectiveness. The Leadership Quarterly, 7(4), 487–506.

Article 13: engagement and eNPS

Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692–724. doi.org/10.5465/256287
Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., & Hayes, T. L. (2002). Business-unit-level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(2), 268–279. doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.2.268
Gallup (2026). State of the Global Workplace. gallup.com

Article 14: client NPS

Reichheld, F. F. (2003). The one number you need to grow. Harvard Business Review, 81(12), 46–54. hbr.org
Keiningham, T. L., Cooil, B., Andreassen, T. W., & Aksoy, L. (2007). A longitudinal examination of net promoter and firm revenue growth. Journal of Marketing, 71(3), 39–51.